Global investment in renewable energy has soared in the last few years, in an attempt to tackle climate change.
According to the International Energy Agency, investment in renewable power projects is expected to total around $665 billion in 2026, with approximately $365 billion going towards solar alone.
Wind turbines, solar farms and other clean energy infrastructure have significantly helped reduce reliance on fossil fuels, especially in the aftermath of ongoing conflicts like the Russia-Ukraine war and the Middle East crisis.
However, as these facilities expand, a new sustainability challenge has emerged: how to protect biodiversity, while continuing to build the infrastructure needed for a low-carbon future.
Wildlife including bats and birds are increasingly being negatively impacted by wind turbines and solar farms, leading to biodiversity loss, ecosystem strain and changed patterns which could have long-lasting consequences.
As such, the question is now no longer whether renewable energy should expand, but rather how it can expand more responsibly.
When climate solutions create biodiversity pressure
Fossil fuels have significantly pressured natural habitats for years, due to the effects of extraction, transport and combustions.
Considering these impacts, renewable energy undoubtedly has a far lower environmental footprint, especially as slowing climate change is by itself one of the greatest ways to protect wildlife and ecosystems.
Despite this, most large-scale infrastructure still impacts the environment in some way or the other.
Clean energy projects like wind turbines, solar farms and transmission networks still need a significant amount of land and materials, along with taking several years to complete and releasing emissions during construction.
As a result, they can considerably transform landscapes and greatly impact species that depend on these areas.
This can lead to habitat loss and fragmentation, especially when projects are built in ecologically sensitive areas such as marshlands, marine ecosystems and similar.
In turn, this leads to disruption of feeding grounds and migration routes, with higher collision risks for flying species like bats and birds. Sometimes, animal behaviour can also change further due to noise, lighting and human activity.
As such, finding a way to protect biodiversity while continuing to accelerate the clean energy transition has now become absolutely crucial.
Why Wind Turbines Pose Complex Challenges To Bats And Birds
Wind energy is vital for decarbonisation, however, poorly planned projects risks adding considerably to wildlife pressures.
Birds especially can collide with turbine blades, especially when turbines are in the middle of key habitats or migration corridors.
Certain species like raptors, which fly at turbine height, and migratory birds, which travel along the same, predictable routes, are particularly vulnerable to this. This is especially the case for birds like golden eagles, griffon vultures and red-tailed hawks, which cannot move around fast-moving blades quickly enough due to their size and weight.
Other soaring waterfowl like cranes, pelicans and large gulls flying through high-altitude migration corridors can also often misjudge the speed and presence of these rotating blades.
Active songbirds like passerines can be affected too, even though smaller in size. This is because as nocturnal migrating birds, they can frequently strike blades when disoriented by low lighting or weather.
Apart from individual deaths, this also negatively impacts already vulnerable populations, especially for species with already slow reproduction rates.
Bats like hoary bats, eastern red bats and silver-haired bats are especially vulnerable to wind energy expansion too. This is both due to direct collision with blades, as well as barotrauma caused by rapid pressure changes near moving blades, which can cause their lungs to collapse.
Migratory tree bats are particularly affected, since they travel long distances and can encounter many turbines across different regions.
These animals are naturally inquisitive and are often attracted to the large structures of wind turbines, investigating them for potential feeding grounds and roosting spots.
Bats are incredibly important to ecosystems due to supporting agricultural systems and providing natural insect control. Falling bat populations could therefore have far-reaching ecological consequences.
As such, keeping in mind that the same turbine can have very different ecological impacts depending on where it is placed and avoiding sensitive areas during planning can considerably reduce risks.
Solar Farms And The Overlooked Land-Use Question
Similar to wind energy, large-scale solar developments also raise key questions about habitat impact and land use, despite being better for the environment than fossil fuels.
This is because utility-scale solar farms need huge amounts of land, with projects often being built in deserts, grasslands or similar ecosystems holding unique biodiversity.
As such, the potential for habitat loss and fragmentation is very high, due to clearing land and fencing off large fields, which can displace ground animals and block migration routes.
Glass panels can also reflect polarized light, which can trick waterbirds into thinking the arrays are rivers or lakes. This can cause migrating waterbirds and shorebirds to dive downward to drink or land and result in fatal impact injuries.
For bats, smooth horizontal surfaces act as “acoustic mirrors”. These reflect their echolocation calls away at an angle, rather than returning them, which can then cause bats to mistake this perpendicular echo pattern for open water or completely empty space.
By trying to drink from the panels or fly towards this space, they can also frequently collide with the structures.
According to research by the University of Bristol, overall bat activity can drop by up to two-thirds in the centre of solar fields. Natural feeding and foraging behaviour can also drop due to mistaking solar panels as water bodies to be crossed quickly.
This is exacerbated by the fact that large solar projects can change the microclimate and plant growth beneath panels, which decreases local insect populations. This can severely affect local insectivorous bats and birds.
Beyond photovoltaic panels, another form of solar technology presents different wildlife risks. Concentrated Solar Power technology can cause significant thermal burns, by creating intense zones of thermal energy as it uses vast arrays of mirrors to direct sunlight onto a central tower. This resulting ambient heat can reach hundreds of degrees Fahrenheit.
The bright light attracts massive swarms of flying insects, chased by birds, which unwittingly get instantly vaporized mid-air by the invisible, high-temperature beams.
Similarly, during construction, heavy machinery causes soil compaction, temporary dust and noise pollution, which can further disorient wildlife, by changing local ecosystems and altering conditions for plants, ground-dwelling species and insects.
The building of ancillary infrastructure such as more roads, transmission lines and storage facilities, along with increased construction activity can add to this too.
How Renewable Energy Can Better Protect Ecosystems
Traditional sustainability metrics have long focused primarily on emissions. However, companies and governments alike are now increasingly recognising the need to balance biodiversity and ecosystem protection along with net zero goals.
Instead of slowing renewable expansion, the solution now lies in smarter development.
One of the ways renewable energy providers can better protect ecosystems is through better planning and siting. This involves avoiding migration corridors and sensitive habitats, and prioritising lower-impact locations. Being aware of biodiversity data before construction even begins can help significantly too.
Similarly, using degraded land and focusing more on nature-sensitive design can go a long way in reducing impact.
Once the impact on overall ecosystems is curtailed as much as possible, the next step is trying to reduce collision risks.
Today, a variety of AI-powered monitoring systems can be used to detect wildlife activity. Radar and camera systems can be used to identify collision risks too and provide better tracking of species behaviour.
Solar farms can create pollinator havens by planting native wildflowers under and around panels to create rich feeding grounds for bees, butterflies and moths. They can also use sheep to graze safely between and beneath tilted panels to keep the grass naturally low while maintaining soil health.
In terms of operational changes, temporary slowing or stopping turbines during peak migration periods can help significantly. Similarly, adjusting operations during periods of high bat activity can go a long way, as well as using deterrent technologies where appropriate.
Policy improvements can help support these goals too, through stronger environmental impact assessments and better long-term monitoring after projects are built.
Conclusion
The next phase of the energy transition must become both low-carbon and nature-positive.
It is vital for future renewable infrastructure to consider carbon impact, land use, species protection and ecosystem resilience together. This is especially because a renewable energy project which reduces emissions but destroys critical ecosystems is not a complete sustainability solution.
As such, renewable energy developers and governments should move beyond simply minimising ecological harm and towards actively considering how infrastructure can coexist with biodiversity.
