May 23rd is World Turtle Day and the theme for 2025 is “Dancing Turtles Rock!”. This is a joyful call to action for one of Earth’s oldest and most threatened species. Turtles have been in existence for 200 million years according to Earth.com and that is in itself a testimony of their resilience even in the midst of the negative actions of humanity. In 2021 the global sea turtle population is estimated at 6.5 million according to the Olive Ridley Project, but many species are under critical threat. The hawksbill turtle, for instance, has declined so drastically that only 57,000 to 83,000 individuals remain worldwide. However, not all news is grim. The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission reported over 100,000 nesting turtles on monitored beaches, reflecting decades of conservation gains.
Climate Change Is Rewriting Turtle Biology
Climate change is altering the very biology of turtles, with rising global temperatures threatening to skew natural sex ratios and shrink populations. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce’s National Ocean Service, turtle eggs incubated at temperatures below 27°C typically produce males, while those above 31°C result in females. As global temperatures rise, the proportion of male hatchlings is sharply declining, a trend that could drastically reduce reproductive success over time. Fewer males mean fewer opportunities for mating, which could accelerate population declines for already vulnerable species.
According to Conservation Ontario, climate change is also degrading turtle habitats by reducing wetland surface area, lowering freshwater quality, and increasing the frequency of droughts and extreme weather events. These changes threaten to erode biodiversity and make survival even harder for freshwater and land turtle populations. The long-term survival of turtles depends not only on direct conservation action but also on broader efforts to mitigate climate change and protect critical ecosystems.
Global Turtle Conservation Efforts Are Working , But More Is Needed
The resilience of the turtles is evident as global efforts are making an impact. For example, according to the Times of India, Operation Olivia, a conservation initiative by the Indian Coast Guard, protected over 698,000 Olive Ridley turtles during a single nesting season. This large-scale effort has been instrumental in reducing poaching and ensuring safe beach conditions for mass nesting events along India’s eastern coastline.
According to a March 2025 review published by NOAA Fisheries and featured in Nature Reviews Biodiversity, most sea turtle populations are rebounding globally thanks to decades of conservation work. The review analyzed nearly 300 nesting records across all seven sea turtle species and found that population increases were six times more frequent than declines, signaling a major marine conservation success. Key drivers of this progress include the reduction of artificial beachfront lighting, widespread bans on hunting, and the adoption of turtle-friendly fishing practices.
For example, in Cape Verde, annual loggerhead turtle nests surged from 500 in 2008 to over 35,000 by 2020, while four out of five green turtle populations showed growth. However, the report notes that leatherback turtles remain in serious decline, and climate change still poses a major threat, especially through warming sands that skew hatchling sex ratios toward females. Encouragingly, loggerhead turtles in the Mediterranean have begun nesting in cooler areas potentially a natural adaptation to buffer against extreme warming. NOAA researchers emphasize that public attitudes have shifted too, with communities once reliant on turtle hunting now benefiting from eco-tourism.
Three Ways to Ensure that Dancing Turtles Rock
World Turtle Day 2025 is a call to recommit to one of Earth’s most remarkable species. Under the theme “Dancing Turtles Rock!”, we are reminded that while turtles have endured for millions of years, their future depends on us. Climate change, habitat loss, and pollution continue to threaten their survival. The beauty of it is that we know what works, protecting habitats, eliminating plastic waste, and funding conservation can help these ancient creatures to thrive:
- Protect Critical Habitats
Support policies that preserve nesting beaches, wetlands, and coastal ecosystems. According to NOAA, loss of habitat is a top driver of turtle decline. - Eliminate Plastic Pollution
According to SEE Turtles, over 200,000 lbs of plastic waste were removed from turtle habitats in 2024. Reducing plastic use and supporting cleanups are crucial. - Strengthen Global Conservation Funding
Donating to or volunteering with organizations like American Tortoise Rescue or the Sea Turtle Conservancy helps sustain long-term protection efforts.