A federal judge ruled that Google can no longer enter into exclusive distribution deals to make its search engine or its Gemini AI technology the default option on phones and other devices and said Google must share some of its search data with competitors, but said he would not force the $2.6 trillion company to spin off some of its key assets like the Chrome web browser.
The ruling in the Department of Justice’s landmark antitrust case against Google-parent Alphabet, stopped short of what could have been the government’s most severe action in decades to curb the power of a monopoly—and acknowledged the potentially massive impact that artificial intelligence technology could have on the search market.
“Plaintiffs overreached in seeking forced divesture” of Google’s Chrome web browser and of the Android operating system, “which Google did not use to effect any illegal restraints,” wrote U.S. District Court Judge Amit Mehta in a 230-page ruling on Tuesday.
But, he said, the emergence of generative AI has “changed the course of this case,” which began in 2020 when the DOJ and 11 states sued Google for illegally maintaining a monopoly in the internet search market.
While Google’s dominance made the search market a “no fly zone” for venture capital investors in startups when the case was in its earlier phase, the advent of generative AI has changed the calculus, Meha said.
“The money flowing into this space, and how quickly it has arrived, is astonishing,” he wrote.
Shares of Google-parent Alphabet surged 7.5% in extended trading on Tuesday. Apple, which receives tens of billions of dollars to makes Google the default search engine on the iPhone, saw its stock increase 3.5% after the ruling.
“While in theory Google is barred from ‘exclusive deals’ for search this now lays the groundwork for Apple to continue its deal and ultimately likely double down on more AI related partnership with Google Gemini down the road,” Wedbush Securities analyst Dan Ives wrote in a note to investors on Tuesday, declaring the ruling a “monster win” for both Google and Apple.
“We now see a green light for a bigger Gemini AI partnership between Apple and Google with this DOJ case now in the rear view mirror,” Ives wrote.
Google will have to make available to certain search index and user-interaction data available “qualified competitors,” Mehta wrote in the ruling, though this does not include ads data. A special technical committee will be created to oversee the court’s remedies, which will last for six years.
Mehta ruled in August 2024 that Alphabet has maintained an illegal monopoly in internet search. He found that the company abused its dominant market position by paying device manufacturers, such as Apple, to make Google the default search engine for their smartphones and tablets.
Mehta has been considering remedies for the case ever since, including conducting three weeks of hearings in April and May that included appearances by a number of prominent industry executives, including Alphabet CEO Sundar Pichai and executives from Apple, OpenAI, News Corp., and Perplexity.
Google has said it will appeal both Mehta’s 2024 finding that it has violated antitrust law and his proposed remedy. That means it could take until 2026 or 2027 to reach a final resolution. The case could ultimately reach the U.S. Supreme Court.
The GenAI twist
Mehta’s ruling comes at what is already a fraught moment for Alphabet. The company is facing the biggest shift in the way people navigate the internet and find information since the creation of Google itself. AI chatbots from companies such as OpenAI, Anthropic, and Perplexity provide users with concise answers to questions, not lists of links.
While Google has sought to integrate chatbot-like features and AI-generated “overviews” into its core Search product, doing so potentially jeopardizes its business model, which sees it compensated for the traffic it sends to other sites and for the sponsored-links that appear at the top of search results. Search accounts for 56% of Alphabet’s annual $350 billion in annual revenues and even more of its profits. (The company does not break out Google’s profits by segment.)
So far, Google’s business has proved resilient to the AI threat. Overall, Alphabet’s search-related revenues were up 11% year-over-year so far in 2025, totaling $105 billion for the first two quarters. Although there is evidence that click-through rates from Google searches are being affected, with the growth in this metric slowing from high single digit percentages to low single digit percentages, according to Wall Street analysts, the company insists the overall search volumes are up.
But, during key testimony during the hearings Mehta held in May, Apple executive Eddie Cue told the judge that search volumes through Apple’s Safari browser—which uses Google’s search index—had declined for the first time in 22 years. That bombshell comment sent Alphabet’s stock tumbling 9%—although the stock price has since recovered and continued to climb.
Previous U.S. government attempts to challenge the market dominance of leading technology companies has a mixed record of success. The government did succeed in forcing a break-up of AT&T in the mid-1980s. But its attempts to rein in IBM as a monopoly dragged on for more than a decade. The government ultimately withdrew the case in 1982, acknowledging that in the 13 years since it filed it, the market for computer equipment had changed so dramatically, its claims were largely moot. The government took on Microsoft in the late 1990s, arguing that its bundling of its Explorer browser with its Windows operating system was anticompetitive. A lower court agreed and ruled that Microsoft should be split in two, but this ruling was overturned on appeal and in 2001 the government and Microsoft reached a settlement that forced it to unbundle Explorer from Windows but kept Microsoft itself intact.
