For something that forms in a matter of seconds, first impressions carry disproportionate weight on our social lives. It can dictate who we trust, who we avoid, who gets hired and who gets overlooked. It even shapes whether we imagine someone to be kind, competent or dangerous before they’ve spoken a full sentence.
Psychologists have long known that first impressions emerge astonishingly quickly. In some studies, people begin forming judgments about trustworthiness within just 39 milliseconds of seeing a face. However, the most pressing question that has lingered beneath that research is: Where do those impressions actually come from? Do they arise from the face we’re looking at? Or from the mind doing the looking?
In a 2019 study published in the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, researchers set out to answer precisely that. They analyzed more than 400,000 face ratings from thousands of participants, examining how people judged strangers on traits like trustworthiness, dominance and attractiveness. Their overarching goal was to disentangle how much of a first impression comes from the target versus the perceiver.
In other words, they calculated exactly how much of your first impression is really about you — and, surprisingly, their findings reveal that first impressions are far less objective than most of us assume. Here are four major factors that were found to most strongly influence first impressions, according to the study.
1. Observers And First Impressions
The study’s overarching finding was that first impressions are heavily influenced by the observer themselves. Different people looked at the exact same face and came away with wildly different conclusions about that person’s character.
This tells us that first impressions aren’t passive “readings” of an objective reality. What we often forget to account for is that the person forming the impression brings with them their own experiences, biases, emotional states, expectations, personality traits and learned social assumptions into the interaction. It is, by and large, a subjective experience.
For instance, say two people are meeting a new coworker, who seems reserved and somewhat hard to read. The first person grew up around warm and expressive personalities, so they interpret the colleague’s reservedness as a sign of thoughtful intelligence. The other person grew up with emotionally distant authority figures, so they perceived that same quietness as a sign of coldness or arrogance.
The new colleague’s face didn’t change in the slightest, but the observations couldn’t be more dissimilar. Psychologists refer to this as a “perceiver effect”: the tendency for our own psyche to influence the ways we evaluate others. Some people are generally more trusting, whereas others are more threat-sensitive. Some unconsciously search for warmth; others prioritize competence or dominance.
So, when someone forms a negative first impression of you, remember that it probably has little to do with your actual behavior toward them. Timing, context, emotional state and personal history can all distort social perception, none of which you have any control over.
At the same time, it also explains why authenticity tends to matter more in the long run than obsessively saving face during your every interaction. You have no say in how another person sees the world. Humans don’t enter social situations as neutral recording devices; we arrive carrying our entire psychological histories with us wherever we go.
2. Gender And First Impressions
The researchers also found that appearance mattered more when people judged women than when they judged men. As revealing as this finding is, it’s unfortunately not unexpected either. Likely, this reflects the frequency with which women are subjected to appearance-based social evaluation overall. In turn, visual information carries greater weight in impressions of women.
We see this dynamic constantly in everyday life. A man arriving late to a meeting may primarily be judged on his competence afterward — whether he performs well once he’s there. A woman in the same situation may have her appearance, clothing, facial expression or perceived polish unconsciously factored into that judgment process from the very beginning.
Even small visual cues can disproportionately shape impressions of women: looking “tired,” appearing overly polished, seeming too serious, too warm, too approachable or not approachable enough. The standards are generally very contradictory, too, which is part of what makes them psychologically exhausting.
It goes without saying that appearance influences just about everyone’s first impressions. But this does not take away from how uneven the threshold is. Women’s faces and presentation styles become more socially diagnostic in the eyes of observers, whether that’s by conscious or unconscious choice.
Because first impressions often function as shortcuts, this matters greatly. The brain likes efficiency. It likes working with incomplete information to fills in the blanks. Gender biases are one of many lenses that guide those assumptions before meaningful interaction even begins. And because these judgments happen so quickly, people can sincerely believe they’re being objective while relying heavily on culturally learned expectations.
3. Appearance And First Impressions
Unsurprisingly, the researchers found that appearance mattered most when participants judged youthful attractiveness. Compared to impressions of trustworthiness or dominance, ratings of attractiveness were far more strongly tied to the target’s actual facial features.
That sounds obvious on paper, but psychologically, it’s still meaningful. In fact, the researchers found that these attractiveness judgments were less individualized than we’d typically expect.
We usually think of attraction as highly personal — a matter of unique preferences and “types.” This is why psychologists sometimes distinguish between “personal taste” (individual preferences) and “shared taste” (features that many people tend to agree are attractive). But in this study, impressions of youthful attractiveness leaned more heavily toward shared taste, which means participants showed greater consensus in these judgments than they did for traits like trustworthiness or dominance.
We see this play out constantly in everyday life. Say, for instance, that someone walks into a room with clear skin, a bright smile and conventionally attractive features. Before they’ve even said a word, others are already perceiving them as more socially desirable, charismatic or even more competent. Research has consistently shown that attractive people are often assumed to possess other positive traits as well, resulting from a cognitive shortcut that psychologists call the “halo effect.”
This will have real consequences for how others initially respond to you. Attractive individuals often receive more eye contact, warmth, patience and social openness from strangers. These are the kinds of reactions that influence how confident we feel, our sense of belongingness or even social opportunities themselves. Meanwhile, people who don’t conform to conventional beauty standards are more likely to experience cold or less generous first reactions, even if they display identical behavior to conventionally attractive people.
The uncomfortable reality is that appearance influences social outcomes long before your character has a chance to reveal itself. First impressions are formed at the surface level first, and they’re only later revised, if at all, through actual interaction.
4. Race And First Impressions
Importantly, the study also explored how race and group membership shape impressions. While some racial findings varied across studies, the broader pattern suggested that, unfortunately, social stereotypes play a major role in how people interpret faces.
What was interesting, however, is that when the researchers created arbitrary “minimal groups” (i.e., groups with no real social meaning or historical baggage), many of these effects disappeared. That confirms something that becomes more and more evident in today’s day and age: that stereotypes are socially taught, not something we’re born knowing.
Humans absorb enormous amounts of cultural information about what different groups supposedly represent. Over time, these associations can become automatic. A person may consciously reject prejudice while still showing subtle bias in split-second impression formation.
This is another unfortunate reality that plays out regularly in everyday life. For example, a person interviewing candidates may unconsciously perceive one applicant as more “professional” or “trustworthy” based on culturally conditioned expectations, despite there being zero objective evidence to suggest so. Similarly, in social settings, people will often interpret identical behaviors differently depending on who’s performing them.
This is one reason first impressions can feel both immediate and strangely persistent, because they’re not just personal reactions. In part, they’re also a symptom of the broader cultural narrative that you’re embedded in.
The encouraging part of this research is that biases aren’t fixed instincts that are etched permanently into someone’s mind. Just as these thinking patterns can be taught and learned, they can also be questioned and revised.
And perhaps that is the most useful takeaway from the study overall: first impressions feel intuitive, but intuition isn’t always the truth. Sometimes, what we think we’re seeing in another person is just a reflection of what we already carry within ourselves.
The confidence you project can also influence all the first impressions you make. Take the Self-Belief Test to discover the traits others may pick up on before you even speak.
